Compliant, easy and actionable integration of VirusTotal in 3rd-party products - Welcome VT Augment

TL;DR: We are releasing an official, compliant and recommended method for displaying VirusTotal context in 3rd-party products and services, so that end-users can enjoy a single pane of glass experience when working with their tools of choice. Read the docs / See the demo (click on the VirusTotal icon next to each observable).



Security analysts world-wide are demanding a single pane of glass experience from their products. Corporate cybersecurity stacks are increasingly complex: too many tools and services, information scattered across numerous databases, arduous stitching together of disparate sources, etc. Incident response and threat hunting have become a time consuming quest across multiple browser tabs. The experience is poor.

If you develop some kind of security product, you will probably know that a common request coming from users is to integrate VirusTotal threat context and reputation. CrowdStrike can speak to this popular demand, just recently we worked together to build a Falcon-VirusTotal integration for their CrowdStrike store. We will be speaking about this and other integrations with our antivirus partners in future posts.

Notwithstanding, at VirusTotal we have to make sure that our data is not misused to the detriment of the ecosystem, this is why we have a strict policy regarding scanning companies and use of our services. This is also why our premium service terms prohibit displaying raw data in 3rd-party products and interfaces, especially those exposed to end-customers.

This said, over time we have seen many legit use cases for integration, mostly revolving around enrichment (adding a layer of context) of alerts/detections that get generated through some means other than VirusTotal. Indeed, when Incident Responders and SOC analysts review alerts, they want to answer questions such as:

• Given a hash in an alert, is there any second stage payload that I should be searching for in my environment?
• What’s the C2 infrastructure tied to a given hash? Has it shown up in my network logs?
• Given a domain flagged by my IDS, is it a flagrant false positive based on its popularity and malicious observations recorded by VirusTotal?
• Given an IP address that matched my threat feeds, has it been seen serving malware? If so, which hashes? Have those been seen across my fleet of machines?
• Once my EDR reveals a compromise, is it a well known threat to the industry? i.e. is it widely detected? Is it rather a targeted attack?

To answer these and other questions many companies have implemented a bring-your-own-api-key model where their end-users plug their VirusTotal API key into their products. Sightings recorded in those products then get automatically enriched via such key. While this is theoretically OK, it has resulted in poor and weak integrations that:

• Are extremely basic and often just display detection ratios, which is not only on the verge of compliance but is pretty useless given today’s false positive and false negative rates.
• Fail to display the wealth of contextual information that VirusTotal records: C2s and network traffic, delivery mechanisms, relationships with other artifacts, submission and in-the-wild metadata, crowdsourced detections via {YARA, SIGMA, IDS} rules, etc.
• Do not evolve as VirusTotal itself improves. Whenever we incorporate new data points or release new features, these rarely show up in those integrations. Moreover, for them to show up the integrator must invest engineering resources to update the logic.
• Miss the opportunity to create a single product experience where common customers can easily pivot from the 3rd-party product into VirusTotal to conduct deeper investigations.

Not everything is lost. We are introducing VT AUGMENT, an HTML widget that greatly reduces the heavy lifting required to display VirusTotal context in 3rd-party products:

• It can enrich the most common threat observables: files/hashes, domains, IPs and URLs.
• You do not need to parse complex API response objects and build fancy templates, VirusTotal directly serves a report with all the context that we have for the observable.
• The report can be styled to match your interface.
• VirusTotal seamlessly adds new features and data points to the widget, without requiring engineering work on your side to update.
• It allows you to display all VirusTotal details, not just a subset of them. Moreover, it is not constrained to an analysis data dump, it also displays our threat graph for the given observable and any related IoCs.

All the details displayed in the report are pivotable, meaning that your users can search for similar files, jump to other files communicating with the same domain, discover other malware signed with the same authenticode certificate, etc. with a single click.



Most importantly, VT AUGMENT technically ensures compliance with our terms. Since we are not exposing parseable API fields, there is no room for backend black magic to drive detections, perform machine learning, copy signatures or other non-compliant use cases that would go against the VirusTotal ecosystem.

You can see VT AUGMENT in action in the following demo environment that simulates a SIEM alerts dashboard, click on the VirusTotal icon next to each observable to display the VT AUGMENT widget:
https://www.virustotal.com/ui/widget/demo/dedicated?full=1

Please note that VT AUGMENT still requires you to implement a bring-your-own-api-key model where your end-users plug their API key into your product. This said, we are also open to consider integrations driven by a single integrator key, always with prior consent from VirusTotal.



You can dive into the specifics surrounding the VT AUGMENT integration in our API reference:
https://developers.virustotal.com/v3.0/reference#widget-overview

A standard VirusTotal API key will be enough to test the flow, but remember that the final setup must make use of each of your users’ API keys, unless you have explicit permission from VirusTotal. Additionally, note that we have also published a handy javascript client library to further ease the task of displaying the widget report in your own interface:
https://github.com/VirusTotal/vt-augment

If you are interested in integrating VT AUGMENT and require more API quota to develop and test the setup, need some help with the technical implementation or want to discuss partnership opportunities involving this new widget please do not hesitate to contact us.

We will be creating a specific section in our main VirusTotal website to document and showcase these integrations. Similarly, we will be showing some gratitude to the first adopters by featuring their integrations in an upcoming blog post series on this topic, stay tuned!

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Context is king (part I) - Crowdsourced Sigma rules

In our previous blog post we started discussing how important it is to have relevant context when doing any investigation and how at VirusTotal, we are working hard to provide as much context as possible. Indeed, there are many new features we have already implemented and that we want to share with all of you. Today we will discuss Crowdsourced Sigma rules.

What are Sigma rules? Probably at this point you are already familiar with YARA: in essence, a rule-based engine to detect certain patterns in files. YARA became a de-facto standard in Threat Intelligence sharing, widely used for static detection, attribution, monitoring and hunting.

With this same idea in mind, Sigma was developed as a “YARA for logs”, allowing the creation of generic rules that could be later used in most SIEMs. Given Sigma rules match against System event logs, one of the main differences with YARA is that rules will be behaviour-based instead of matching static patterns in files.

Now, at VirusTotal our sandboxes store all event logs during detonation, which are later used to match Crowdosourced Sigma rules. In particular, we are importing rules from the following public repositories (big thanks to all of them for their help):

•         https://github.com/SigmaHQ/sigma
•         https://github.com/joesecurity/sigma-rules
•         https://sigma.socprime.com/#!/

If you are curious, you can even check the full list of rules and the number of matches for each of them in our documentation.

Relevant additional context for file reports

Sigma matches help researchers and investigators get more context about a given file. It is also an additional and quick way of finding potentially related files based on the same behaviour. Similar to Crowdsourced YARA rules, VirusTotal Intelligence users will find the list of Sigma rules matching a given file in the Detection tab:

        

From there you can View the rule itself, check what events made this file to match this rule in particular, as well as finding other files matching this Sigma rule. Remember that for finding all the files matching a given Sigma rule you can always use the “sigma_rule” modifier followed by its ID as shown in the Sigma rules list documentation (or by simply clicking on them).

For example, the following search returns all matches for the “Milum malware detection” Sigma rule (based on WildPressure APT)”:

        sigma_rule:30fcf3924a898a9d1747e89068ab2990c77ca3914a94aa78466d28a9d9da32bb

When opening some of the search results in a Graph, we can see there are relationships among them:

Keep in mind that you can add more search modifiers to your Sigma rule search. For instance, we can add to our previous rule a filter to get the results that also matched any Crowdsourced YARA rule, probably this will help us to quickly identify the subset of results we are interested in as well as serve as a double check:  

        sigma_rule:30fcf3924a898a9d1747e89068ab2990c77ca3914a94aa78466d28a9d9da32bb have:crowdsourced_yara_rule

From here we can further pivot and select just the subset that additionally matches a particular set of YARA rules. All this context helps us to save time and adds a very relevant source of information when determining a file’s maliciousness.

Context for detection

Sigma matches can be used as a nice addition to AV detections. For instance, we can quickly find undetected files having Sigma matches:

        have:sigma_rule p:0

It is also possible to filter by rule severity by using the sigma_<severity> search operator. To search undetected files having no detections and matching high severity rules we can do:

        p:0 sigma_high:1+

Since the sigma_<severity> operator accepts integer values, it is possible to set a minimum severity for the matching rules. The aforementioned previous search query will find files matching Sigma rules with at least severity 1 or higher.

For instance, as a result of searching “p:0 sigma_high:5+”, the following file is returned:

Even though it has no AV detections, its bundled files have:

Fooled by context?

A final thought about adding more context.

We believe the more relevant information we have around any set of activities or IOC, the better. However, sometimes different pieces of information can contradict each other: what to do then? It really depends, the previous example is a good one in this direction as it shows how some malware was not detected given some technicality (was packing other malware inside) but when run in the sandbox the Sigma rule fired up. 

We do a great effort in trying to keep all the crowdsourced elements we add as relevant as possible, carefully selecting the sources. But there might always be clashes, especially when it comes to aspects such as attribution where different security companies might have different mappings for APT groups.

Still, we find all these additions of great value for Threat Intelligence practitioners. As we all know, Intelligence is not bought but produced: we keep working hard to provide you with all the relevant signals you can use to make your own informed decisions.

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Leveraging adversarial data for security control validation

 Nowadays defenders have at their disposal a big amount of data describing how attackers proceed in their malicious campaigns, including TTPs (Techniques, Tactics and Procedures) and artefacts used. Threat Intelligence is the discipline that, in simple words, tries to make sense of all of this - then it is up to us how to make this knowledge actionable. The decision on how to use it in the most effective way depends on every organization, but there are different well-established methods gaining traction in the industry that will provide you with immediate valuable feedback about your defenses. Let’s explore them in more detail.

One way of leveraging this adversarial data is using it to check that our defenses are up to date to protect us against current real threats and campaigns. But before we go on, if you want to know more about this topic join us in our webinar with AttackIQ next March 31st 15:00 UTC.

In this blogpost we will discuss a few scenarios and examples where this data can be used for adversary-driven red-teaming. 

Checking the last sound campaign

The idea behind this is pretty simple. Every time details about a new relevant campaign are made public (how to define relevance depends on every organization) we can simply take a look at different artefacts available and see how they are being detected by our defenses. Let’s take as an example Sunburst malware discovered last December. We can start by finding some indicators to start with.

We could start by checking a couple of hashes in VTGraph to check if there are any graphs already shared by the community. Sometimes graphs are a more up-to-date and more enriched source of information than the original release of IOCs, typically more static. In this particular case we can find a few interesting graphs; we simply select one of them. 

Now, what to select from this investigation? It depends on what we want to check, but we could start by taking a look at all the documents or executables used in the attack. Here we should export the IOCs (you can go to Selection>Select All>Files, then export this data). At this point we can choose, for instance, Hashes with Detection and then open in VTI:

In this view it is simple to filter by file type. By clicking on the Commonalities button, we will find all the different types in the samples resulting from the query, which we can copy or directly open in VTI, but this selection of samples are ready to be used in our red-teaming exercise.   

Minimizing our infection surface against ransomware

In this scenario our first step would be understanding how fresh ransomware campaigns are being spread. We can do this in different ways, a simplistic approach would be checking by verdicts including “ransom” for recently seen malware:

engines:ransom fs:2021-03-01

Good news is that we can use many different angles for finding suspicious files, including crowdsourced YARA rules. For instance, from the previous query we could enforce finding results already spotted by some crowdsourced YARA rule, this way we can identify what rules are interesting for further pivoting:

engines:*ryuk* fs:2021-01-01+ type:peexe have:crowdsourced_yara_rule

Once we find any interesting rule, we can use it to find additional artefacts, like in this example where we use one of the crowdsourced YARA rules to find new Ryuk samples. 

Keeping an eye on fresh suspicious attachments

This is a use case I strongly recommend implementing to any organization. Given spear-phishing continues to be the most used infection vector, why not regularly monitor anything new coming this way? There are many different ways to do that, a generic approach could be something like this query to find fresh docx files suspected of being malicious and having macros.

We can be a bit more specific by adding additional search modifiers, for instance, which ones of the previous files we have seen being distributed as attachments in spear-phishing attempts:

tag:attachment type:docx fs:2021-03-01+ p:5+ s:2+ tag:macros

Once we have this information in front of us it is relatively easy to spot some patterns. For instance, the visual aspect of this file seems pretty common in the list of suspected samples, we can simply use visual similarity to find more artefacts.

The resulting set of samples not only have the same visual aspect, they also share a pattern for the file name, they have similar file size and were created around the same time. Armed with this information, we want to make sure we detect this new campaign before it spreads further. 

A must for our security strategy

Including adversarial data in our security strategy provides us with real world validation for our defenses. We can use this on a regular basis and shape it to our needs and weaknesses. Continuing monitoring particular adversaries, malware families and campaigns will help us understand how attackers evolve and how to shape our defenses. Not only that, crowdsourced intelligence allows us to stay one step ahead of adversaries by learning from other attacks and making sure our defenses are up to date before being hit by attackers.

We presented here just a few ideas we encourage everyone to explore with an open mind. For instance, in addition to the previous examples we could also use PCAP files generated by malware for replaying traffic in your infrastructure and check how effective your networking monitoring and detection capabilities are.  

Make sure to join us in our webinar to get additional pro tips!

Happy hunting

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When you go fighting malware don´t forget your VT plugins

It's been a year since we launched our VirusTotal plugin for IDA Pro, followed by SentinelOne’s amazing contribution to the community with their VirusTotal plugin for GHIDRA (thanks again for the great job), inspired by the original IDA plugin but adding some cool extra features.

Now, what are IDA Pro and Ghidra? These tools are the more popular disassemblers used by the security community for malware analysis. Basically, they help researchers to understand the functionality of the code used to build the malware.

Most of VirusTotal’s users simply use the web interface or the API in order to do their investigations or enrich their threat intelligence systems, so how and when do these plugins come handy?

Before we go on, make sure to join us for our next webinar with SentinelOne next February 24th where we will demonstrate how to use both plugins with real life examples. Join us and register here!

Looking inside the malware

VirusTotal usually provides all we need to know about a malware sample and more, especially when it comes to context and the relationships with other samples or malicious infrastructure. However, sometimes as analysts we need to take a deeper look, here is when we IDA Pro and Ghidra come to the rescue.

What do VirusTotal's plugins for these disassemblers have to offer? Basically, they make analysts’ life easier by providing several handy functionalities that leverage VirusTotal’s knowledge base. For instance, in one click we can search for samples that use a specific relevant piece of code that we found in the sample we are analyzing. Indeed, plugins’ code similarity search functionality offers new ways to find related samples that aren't easily reachable without going down into the reversing process.

We will usually want to find samples with a similar set of instructions than the one we are analyzing. Let's see an example. If we take a look at both WinMain functions of two different samples (as shown below) it is clear that they are practically identical, only differing in the value of some operands.



If we omit these differences, we can see that they have the same structure and share the same set of instructions.




You never know what kind of valuable information you will find when analyzing a sample. It could be a very peculiar implementation, or a distinctive function that attackers implement in all their samples. It also could be that we are taking a look into earlier versions of recently deployed malware, giving us the opportunity to understand its evolution before attackers implement anti-reversing techniques.

Analyzing corrupted files

Code similarity provides additional advantages. Let’s consider the case where we have some corrupted samples of a recent malware strain. They can be just memory dumped files, or PE files that were modified during the execution - anyways we cannot execute them. These kinds of files are not the best for creating YARA rules, because there is a chance that the content has been modified before the memory image was dumped to disk. In these scenarios is where the use of VirusTotal plugins shine, as we can search for code that we find interesting enough for finding related samples. We previously described this technique to hunt Ryuk samples starting from a corrupted one.

There are many other ways in which these plugins can assist you for code analysis. For instance, we can look for code similarity during a debugging session, the advantage being we can search for decrypted or uncompressed samples uploaded to VirusTotal by just searching for some instructions obtained in runtime. We'll further explore this technique in our webinar with SentinelOne.

What’s next?

So what is the future of the VirusTotal's plugin for IDA Pro? We are working hard on implementing a new exciting set of features focused on assisting you during the reversing process. For instance, we plan to collect contextual information from our database about the sample you are working in and show it in the IDA interface. We will also enrich the disassembled code to highlight the most significant information collected from VirusTotal.

We will show you more about what will be in the new version in our joint webinar next February 24th!

See you there and Happy hunting!

This post was co-authored by Vicente Diaz.

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Building towards the richest and most interconnected malware ecosystem

 Investigations on malicious activity usually start with small pieces of a puzzle we don't know how big and complex it will be. Analysts will never have a full picture of the attack under investigation, only attackers know, but probably that's not necessary either. What is needed is to retrieve the context necessary to achieve the goal of the investigation.

How to get this context? Every piece of the puzzle can be used to obtain new pieces. Then, we repeat the process until we don't find any more clues, or we are satisfied with the results. In this case, the pieces of the puzzle will be Indicators of Compromise (IOCs), usually hashes, domains and IPs.

So when starting the investigation with only a few pieces... how to find the rest in VirusTotal? It is a pretty massive database, so we have been working hard to find every single clue we could to relate different items for you to complete your puzzle. For instance, if we start with a few malware samples we want to find the infrastructure used in the attack as well as other related files used by the same attacker in the same campaign. Maybe we can even use similarity to find potentially related samples from the same actor.

We have good news for everyone! During the last months we have included additional meaningful relationships to create a rich ecosystem that interconnects samples, URLs, domains and IP addresses. Below we will review what kind of relationships you can find in VirusTotal. You can visualize all the relationships-related information under the “Relations” tab in VirusTotal for any sample and networking item.

Below you can find all the fresh new relationships specific for files:

• Dropped files: Interesting files written to disk during sandbox execution. Extremely useful to find what dropper was used for any specific malware.

        For example: baad6807d751aa8b44bd464b3302a6ad4c200dc27b22b3845b0397cf366e3f4c

• Overlay children: Files that are contained as overlay in another sample. Once again, finding information about the parent of some malware sample helps understanding the whole execution chain and properly reproduce the attack.

        For example: 12304478f1c50f9d10497bc8afea771bd1e3bd5bd3beaa0370090f727f3713a1

• PCAP children: Files seen inside the communication traffic for an uploaded PCAP file. Another valuable source of information, as the communication between samples and Command and Control servers can shed light on the artifacts used by attackers once having a foothold in the victim.

        For example: 2804184381e9c1c51a213bdcd703ae0a9a16c6abc39b43cd44619365d5914934

• PE Resource children: PE files contained into another file as a resource. Similar to the cases above where we want to find the parent of the malware, this time hiding in a different place.

        For example: 12305f7314b7b3c13657d7da48b73a2d10a2303cc23e76d6954ea909ac74e997

• In the wild (ITW) IP addresses: We have seen this file being downloaded from these IP addresses. This is how we know how the malware was distributed. It could help to find the malicious infrastructure used by attackers, but also hacked sites used as watering holes for example. 

        For example: a3b2528b5e31ab1b82e68247a90ddce9a1237b2994ec739beb096f71d58e3d5b

• Email attachments: Files that were distributed through email as attachments. Spear phishing is still the most popular method employed by attackers to distribute malware. This relationship helps confirm what artefacts were spread this way. 

        For example: 1230725a4b8cbfa70c19c9eaa925b945511374da1cce787ea2854c2a2303f1b6

You can use the have: modifier with the newly added relationships for your searches in the following format have:name_of_relationship. For instance, you can find Emotet samples distributed through email as an attachment using the following query:

        emotet have:email_attachments

You can have the full list of modifiers for your searches here.

For URLs we also have the following new relationships:

• Communicating files: Given an URL, we can find all files presenting any sort of traffic to it. This helps us understand what files were distributed from some malicious infrastructure or compromised website. Additionally, understanding what legitimate files communicate with a given URL can also provide a valuable insight, for instance for detecting suspicious supply chain activity.

        For example: https://www.virustotal.com/gui/url/a118c67740832dae1943f023be375260d4385a6a214b3ddd77b23cbbc0c841d6/relations

• Referrer files: Any file that contains the given URL on its strings. Maybe we didn't see these files directly communicating with a given URL but it could be they are only the component containing the configuration.

        For example: https://www.virustotal.com/gui/url/70cd6030d50e8b4717c5a62dfcee6d5a7e5c856b6de68015d8830b00a6bc8c86/relations

In addition to all these relationships, we are also stepping up our passive DNS capabilities. As a result, you can now find the following records for domain resolutions in VirusTotal:

• CAA records

• CNAME records

• MX records

• NS records

• SOA records

The example below shows in VirusTotal Graph all these DNS records for a given suspicious domain.

A final reminder: you can automate dealing with all this data to make your hunting experience even smoother using API v3. For instance, you can use the following query to retrieve MX records for the domain above:

curl --request GET --url 'https://www.virustotal.com/api/v3/domains/bvjbygkhq.com/mx_records' --header 'x-apikey: 'your_api_key_here'

Happy hunting!

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VirusTotal Multisandbox += Sangfor ZSand

VirusTotal multisandbox project welcomes Sangfor ZSand.  The ZSand currently focuses on PE files，with extensions to other popular file types like javascript and Microsoft office to be released soon.

In their own words:

ZSand, developed by Sangfor Technologies’ Cloud Computing & Security Team, is an agentless behavioral analysis engine incorporating multiple innovative techniques. At the systems level, zSand employs Two-Dimensional Paging (TDP) techniques to inject hidden breakpoints, enabling accurate monitoring of the API calling sequence of a given process for further fine-grained analysis. At the GUI level, interactions are simulated by the virtual network console (VNC) and visual artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, providing a lifelike and fully functional sandbox. At the detection level, zSand identifies all forms of malware, including vulnerability exploits, by uncovering malicious behaviors and synergistically applying both conventional rule-based approaches and advanced AI algorithms. As a core innovation of the Sangfor anti-malware research group, zSand is a significant improvement in cyber-security capability for both Sangfor Technologies and its clients, customers and partners. Use cases include proactive hunting for unknown threats and the near real-time production of threat intelligence identifying malicious URLs, domain names, files, memory fingerprints, and malicious behavioral patterns. zSand is an agentless behavior monitoring engine, allowing users to deploy real-time defenses in a virtual environment.

In comparison with other sandboxes, the key advantages of zSand include:

• High runtime performance -- By optimising the configuration of TDP and reducing the number of VMExit events, zSand minimizes monitoring overhead and resource utilization.

• Strong anti-evasion measures -- Thanks to high performance hardware virtualisation and agentless features, zSand is immune to anti-sandbox detection. 

• Comprehensive monitoring -- zSand retrieves detailed malware behavioral events and associated states of hardware including CPU, memory, disks, and network interfaces. 

• Extensive and in-depth analysis -- Designed by cyber-security specialists and AI specialists, zSand is able to dynamically detect elusive and concealed malicious behavior, vulnerability exploits, malware persistence, and privilege escalation, at low levels.

Take take a look in the behavior tab to view these new sandbox reports:

Example reports:

You can also take a look at a couple of Sangfor ZSand behavior analysis reports here and here.
In case you are interested in searching for specific Sangfor ZSand reports, VirusTotal premium services customers may specify so using sandbox_name:sangfor in their queries.

Pivot on interesting behavioural characteristics

All malware uploaded to VirusTotal is detonated in multiple sandboxes, providing security analysts with many interesting and powerful possibilities. Having multiple fine-tuned sandboxes increases the possibilities of malware detonating properly (remember malware usually implements different anti-sandboxing techniques), and provides valuable dynamic data on how the malware behaves.


Why is this data valuable? Because it gives us details that are not visible at static analysis time. For instance, we can use this data to land some TTPs into something more actionable. We will get back on this topic on a future blogpost.


For example, taking in the following sandbox report we find some potentially interesting mutex names. 

We can use this data to pivot and find other malware having the same mutexes when detonated on our sandboxes. By clicking on one of the interesting mutexes, in this case ENGEL_12, we will create a new search ( behaviour:ENGEL_12) which provides us with samples belonging to a common family of padodor malware.




It turns out that this is a valuable dynamic indicator we can use to identify malware samples belonging to this particular malware strain.   From VirusTotal, we welcome this new addition to our Sandboxing arsenal. Happy hunting!

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VirusTotal += BitDefender Falx

 We welcome the BitDefender Falx scanner to VirusTotal. This engine is specialized in Android and reinforces the participation of Bitdefender that already had two engines in our service, their multi-platform scanner (BitDefender) and a 100% machine learning engine (BitDefenderTheta). In the words of the company:

“Bitdefender offers a cloud-based malware detection product for Android. It is built on several automated systems that perform different methods of static and dynamic analysis. Powerful machine learning models and other complex threat detection techniques form a state of the art security solution capable of detecting previously-unseen advanced malware. The cloud-based approach offloads computationally intensive tasks to a distributed cloud environment to deliver the best protection with no impact on system or battery performance.”

Bitdefender has expressed its commitment to follow the recommendations of AMTSO and, in compliance with our policy, facilitates this review by AV-Comparatives, an AMTSO-member tester.

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