Photo by Matheus Queiroz on Unsplash
In late 2022 we decided to start monitoring PyPI, arguably the most important Python repository, as there were a number of reports on it hosting malware. PyPI took exceptional relevance amongst all repositories as, historically, it was trusted by default by many software developers. Any security breach or abuse could lead to a large-scale Supply Chain attack.
During our monitoring we were able to identify dozens of suspicious packages, allegedly uploaded by threat actors trying to abuse PyPI. In some cases, attackers poisoned well-known legitimate Python libraries and reuploaded them leveraging typosquatting, such as "pylOpenSSL" mimicking pyOpenSSL. In other cases, they uploaded completely fake packages consisting only of malicious code, such as the scappy library.
Generally speaking, the main target of these attacks appears to be the victim's environment data with a focus on browser’s cookies. In some cases, malicious libraries implemented quite original features, like hijacking crypto wallet addresses in the victim’s clipboard.
In this post we will share insights on PyPi’s suspicious libraries as well as take a closer look at particular campaigns abusing it.
Statistic analysis
We observed that VirusTotal’s historical visibility on PyPi’s packages was far from ideal. Our monitoring system, aimed at fixing this blindspot, analyzed in a few days more packages than VirusTotal’s PyPi historical data.
We spotted an early batch of suspicious packages, detected by at least one AntiVirus vendor, and confirmed malicious after further detailed analysis. The following chart compares analyzed samples with suspicious ones (detected by at least one AntiVirus) . Please note that this chart uses raw data before additional analysis, meaning it includes both False Positives and False Negatives.
The manual analysis of dozens of malicious files gave us the impression that AntiVirus detection was initially low but it improved as details on malware abusing PyPI became publicly available, increasing awareness. This trend is visible in the following chart where every dot represents the daily average detection ratio for suspicious PyPi packages.
PyPi detected malware
Discord Token Grabber V2
| SHA256 | e4206fa12430f1650809fa6da38bd8f744b438cdae16e88bdd7d01d721b20ccd |
|---|---|
| File name | osystemhtp-1.tar.gz |
| Package name | osystemhtp |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/osystemhtp/ |
| Date published | 2023-01-01 |
| Github repo | Discord-Token-Grabber-V2 |
This is one of the most primitive variants we observed so far, consisting of around 130 lines of Python code. Its main goal is obtaining victim’s Discord account information, including authorization token, and Nitro subscription details. Data is exfiltrated using Discord’s webhook:
Exfiltrated information
The developer kindly left in the code a link to his github account, containing more detailed information, and the repository with exactly the same code found on PyPI:
Author signature
Other repositories from the same author include additional offensive Python tools, such as Fake Verification Bot.
Hazard Token Grabber V2
| SHA256 | 79e0ed46f30b7b96e86ae356dee95a53343168d633e0d01c1b063981822bb529 |
|---|---|
| File name | asyncio3-1.tar.gz |
| Package name | asyncio3 |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/asyncio3/ |
| Date published | 2023-01-02 |
| Github repo | Hazard-V2-Token-Logger-Discord Hazard-Token-Grabber-v2 Hazard-Token-Grabber-v2 etc |
This is a quite popular and previously reported open source malware. There are a lot of Github repositories with cloned or slightly modified versions of original code. Like the previous malware family, this one is distributed without any obfuscation or code protection.
This sample shows how attackers abuse typosquatting. There is a legitimate asyncio module, as well as its legitimate backport asyncio37: the name of this malicious version is asyncio3.
A bit more advanced than the Discord Token Grabber, this malware exfiltrates more data including browser’s cookies and login credentials. It also avoidings execution in a debug environment.
Interestingly, in 6 (out of 9) of the PyPI modules containing this malware we found the same package metadata as in Discord Token Grabber, including “d@doop.fun” email address, indicating that these samples were probably deployed by the same threat actor:
Setup.py comparison of Hazard Token Grabber V2 and Discord token Grabber V2
These 6 samples contain the same JavaScript Discord injection (already unavailable):
| hxxps://raw.githubusercontent[.]com/Rdimo/Discord-Injection/master/injection.js |
The other 3 samples (more recent) use a different injection (still available):
| hxxps://raw.githubusercontent[.]com/Smug246/luna-injection/main/injection.js |
Chromium Stealer
| SHA256 | c2658086bca5bf59982823484cc84a9efe8b57cce1727880da973650dfb69037 |
|---|---|
| File name | minecraft-utilities-api-0.4.2.tar.gz |
| Package name | minecraft-utilities-api |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/minecraft-utilities-api/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-16 |
| Github repo | ChromiumStealer ChromiumStealer ChromiumStealer |
This is a quite simple open source malware distributed via PyPI without obfuscation. Its main purpose is to harvest Chromium-based browsers cookies and login credentials, as well as Discord user tokens.
Example of exfiltrated data from ChromiumStealer github repository
This malware allows attackers to set the method to exfiltrate victim’s data, either using Discord webhook or Telegram bot API.
W4SP Stealer + Hyperion obfuscator
| SHA256 | 7a9cea1a364b13f5dfb0e458274daca3ea8b576fc5c3f5bbf2d3ed7881f1f94c |
|---|---|
| File name | pylOpenSSL-20.0.3.tar.gz |
| Package name | pylOpenSSL |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/pylOpenSSL/ |
| Date published | 2023-01-04 |
| Github repo | W4SP-Stealer-Sourcecode Hyperion Hyperion |
This is one of the most common malware we observed in PyPI (reported here). It mimics pyOpenSSL's official python library. Attackers used the same description, same version and linked malicious PyPI project to the official pyOpenSSL Github repository.
Package description copy pasted from official library
Under the hood, it also contains legitimate cloned code from the official package, with malicious injection in the new file /src/OpenSSL/deps.py, which contains a highly obfuscated instance of W4SP Stealer (detailed technical descriptions of the W4SP Stealer could be found in a number of public reports):
deps.py is executed by the following code in __init__.py:
Malicious version of /src/OpenSSL/__init__.py vs legitimate one
This trojan’s harvests victim’s data, including browser’s cookies and credentials related to social media, gaming, billing services (including crypto wallets) and other subscription-based services (like Disney or Netflix):
| 'mail', '[coinbase](https://coinbase.com)', '[sellix](https://sellix.io)', '[gmail](https://gmail.com)', '[steam](https://steam.com)', '[discord](https://discord.com)', '[riotgames](https://riotgames.com)', '[youtube](https://youtube.com)', '[instagram](https://instagram.com)', '[tiktok](https://tiktok.com)', '[twitter](https://twitter.com)', '[facebook](https://facebook.com)', 'card', '[epicgames](https://epicgames.com)', '[spotify](https://spotify.com)', '[yahoo](https://yahoo.com)', '[roblox](https://roblox.com)', '[twitch](https://twitch.com)', '[minecraft](https://minecraft.net)', 'bank', '[paypal](https://paypal.com)', '[origin](https://origin.com)', '[amazon](https://amazon.com)', '[ebay](https://ebay.com)', '[aliexpress](https://aliexpress.com)', '[playstation](https://playstation.com)', '[hbo](https://hbo.com)', '[xbox](https://xbox.com)', 'buy', 'sell', '[binance](https://binance.com)', '[hotmail](https://hotmail.com)', '[outlook](https://outlook.com)', '[crunchyroll](https://crunchyroll.com)', '[telegram](https://telegram.com)', '[pornhub](https://pornhub.com)', '[disney](https://disney.com)', '[expressvpn](https://expressvpn.com)', 'crypto', '[uber](https://uber.com)', '[netflix](https://netflix.com)' |
This malware also uses hardcoded masks to exfiltrating sensitive files from victims:
| path2search = [
user + "/Desktop",
user + "/Downloads",
user + "/Documents"
] key_wordsFolder = [ "account", "acount", "passw", "secret" ] key_wordsFiles = ["passw", "mdp","motdepasse","mot_de_passe","login","secret", "account", "acount","paypal","banque","account","metamask","wallet","crypto","exodus","discord","2fa", "code","memo","compte","token","backup","secret" ] |
All collected data is exfiltrated via Discord webhooks and uploaded to gofile.io.
In most of the cases we analyzed, including this specific pylOpenSSL package, the malware is obfuscated with Hyperion obfuscator making it harder to reverse. We also found the following multistage version, which uses downloaders to get the actual payload.
| SHA256 | 49d758fedf934bba641d7cc9d25dc3d76d8af83d447c0ee2e5c91b9eb72ab5bb |
|---|---|
| File name | fores-0.0.1.tar.gz |
| Package name | fores |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/fores/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-20 |
This sample leverages a simple 1st-stager that downloads a Hyperion-obfuscated payload from the remote host hxxps://paste[.]fo/raw/dd6cd76eb5a0. Another sample (aio5 package with SHA256: 1253e5a13d98c80568684ffc8a36438b1b057a6aa72f561bfd83f81b348435dd) uses a base64-encoded downloader in setup.py.
We also found the following interesting sample that poisoned a legitimate package called colorama.
| SHA256 | 6fc9c88346d1044863e370eade0abd24cb8769a1211fd8ed1d9a618c560c8745 |
|---|---|
| File name | colorsmecs-0.6.7.tar.gz |
| Package name | colorsmecs |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/colorsmecs/ |
| Date published | 2023-01-02 |
Instead of including malicious files in the package there is a single line of base64 encoded code that downloads and executes the next stage.
Base64 encoded payload injected into legitimate library
The next stage was available behind these URLs, unavailable for a while:
| hxxp://4.201.87[.]248/inject/tCxFLYLT6ViY9ZnP hxxp://4.201.87[.]248/clip |
Still there are some clues pointing to W4SP stealer in this case. Looking at the attack timeframe and pDNS data of 4.201.87[.]248, there is an interesting domain resolution of misogyny[.]wtf. Checking VirusTotal data on this domain, we found the URL hxxp://misogyny[.]wtf/inject/UsRjS959Rqm4sPG4& that responded (last 03-01-2023) HTML content that looks like a slightly modified response from the original W4SP source code:
| Alpha.#0001 <br><br> https://discord.gg/stRpdakhES <br><br> Wasp is happy <br><br> Because he grabbed you |
This server response, along with the original W4SP version, could be used to fingerprint W4SP network infrastructure (as of today, 20.215.40[.]33 and 54.167.173[.]26 match the search criteria).
W4SP Stealer forks
We observed lots of samples sharing many similarities with W4SP Stealer, but in different dedicated repositories, most likely forks or reusing the same codebase.
W4SP family
milka, Fade Stealer, etc
This set of samples is pretty close to W4SP Stealer’s codebase, with the main differences being author’s signature and malware name.
| SHA256 | 31869a1d54a27929a0336e9d94c7cab5796fc1b77fec9534a5281e097e3c3863 |
|---|---|
| File name | win23crypt-0.1.2.tar.gz |
| Package name | win23crypt |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/win23crypt/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-20 |
This sample is called milka Stealer and uses typosquatting to mimic the win32crypt module. When diffing code, we observe how it simply changes author’s nickname from the original W4SP stealer, the new nickname points to related Github account:
Github account of the actor behind milka Stealer
| SHA256 | a8c36d0f92b48ff42ece41d1ae93238d3d179f3ab39440f19494157924500e49 |
|---|---|
| File name | captcha-py-1.0.tar.gz |
| Package name | captcha-py |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/captcha-py/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-20 |
Another fork that simply duplicates W4SP code is Fade Stealer. The differences are minimal, only extending the list of filename keywords to steal:
Same for other W4SP Stealer clones named Tark Stealer and EVIL$ Stealer.
Creal Stealer and Z Stealer fork
Creal Stealer adds sandbox evasion before the main malware execution flow to W4SP Stealer.
| SHA256 | f009bb10120fcca80123548e34c3207d07323f31a9445da618d7ce464f5693ea |
|---|---|
| File name | oauthAPImojang-0.2.4.tar.gz |
| Package name | oauthAPImojang |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/oauthAPImojang/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-16 |
| Github repo | Creal-Stealer |
It checks environment parameters such as username, PC name and MAC address of the infected machine. If they match values in a hardcoded list that could be found in Appendix, the malware terminates its execution.
W4SP Stealer vs Creal Stealer
The rest of the code is the same and implements the same functionality as W4SP Stealer with the only exception of variable names renamed with Leet spelling.
Interestingly, Creal Stealer’s Github repository contains a file with suggestions on what to do when infected and mitigations.
We spotted a Creal Stealer clone named Z Stealer:
| SHA256 | 6928e5b729706fe954d92a55d003c49e5c0c5c010855b63db214a9e149826229 |
|---|---|
| File name | proxyscrapertool-0.0.2.tar.gz |
| Package name | proxyscrapertool |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/proxyscrapertool/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-22 |
There are no code differences between this sample and Creal Stealer, except the malware name signature. We couldn’t find any public references to this family.
BlackCap Grabber and Kekwltd fork
There isn’t much public information on BlackCap Grabber, but it really stands out from all the previous analyzed families. Although there is a number of code overlaps with W4SP Stealer and its Github repo readme clearly stays it was forked from it, BlackCap Grabber implements many original features, including crypto wallet hijacking and Sandbox evasion.
| SHA256 | c67c8255aaafc8a7f3cb88123890d3538d300703f9e671533c23757148237e3c |
|---|---|
| File name | totohateinenkleinencock-3.0.0-py3-none-any.whl |
| Package name | totohateinenkleinencock |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/totohateinenkleinencock/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-19 |
| Github repo | BlackCap-Grabber |
Like Creal Stealer, it contains a hardcoded list of environment parameters that could be also found in Appendix. Other than the previously mentioned, it also checks IP address and system UUID value fetched with "wmic csproduct get uuid". It terminates execution in the following cases:
- There is one of the directories from the list ['D:\Tools', 'D:\OS2', 'D:\NT3X'].
- Physical memory value is less than 3 Gb, checked with psutil.virtual_memory().
- Disk size is less than 120 Gb, checked with psutil.disk_usage().
- Number of logical CPUs is less than 2, checked with psutil.cpu_count().
- "VMware" or "VBOX" values in registry HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\Disk\\Enum
- Two more system registry branches HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\ControlSet001\\Control\\Class\\***\\DriverDesc 2 (ProviderName 2 - second check)
Some of these techniques were also implemented in Hazard Token Grabber.
For crypto wallet hijacking it permanently checks the content of the clipboard (via pyperclip module) and tries to find crypto wallets addresses using hardcoded regular expressions such as BTC, ETH, Xchain, Pchain, Cchain, Monero, Ada (Cardano) or Dash (check Appendix for details). Once the wallet address is found in a clipboard, it is immediately replaced by the hardcoded value of the attacker's crypto wallet address.
We found a fork of BlackCap made just to keep the attacker's signature. With code differences mostly related to variable naming, this malware contains multiple mentions of “kekwltd”, including the remote host - kekwltd[.]ru.
| SHA256 | 11cbd02aa127c2413da55bcd355da38b53767fb129279baf9e2450ada3db3ca1 |
|---|---|
| File name | pythoncryptlibaryV2-1.0.0.tar.gz |
| Package name | pythoncryptlibaryV2 |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/pythoncryptlibaryV2/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-20 |
We spotted a high number of similar packages, most likely uploaded by the same actor behind “kekwltd”. Some of them follow the same module naming (pyfontslibrary, pyfontslibraryV1, etc) and most of the samples were uploaded from the same account.
Same author credentials of kekwltd samples
Unlike the original sample of BlackCap Grabber examined above that doesn't contain any attacker’s crypto wallets in its configuration (although having the capability for crypto wallet hijacking), this malware has a list of addresses in its hardcoded configuration:
| 'addresse_btc': 'bc1qfgzwcxx32kwjf9naw2zdnl00zlvz8cqr4sn0fj', 'addresse_eth': '0xde876b3b623a4c9e5266717fceee89b3dd0237ec', 'addresse_monero': '468h7xcjtieam26idzme1jtvqjyxxaf1an9qhpnjfshpy6qiu3cvxyr3s9t8zaz2xlh856m7ne8kx4ysqb4kajn2ahkydh2', 'addresse_ada': 'addr1qylpptmy52g032y2dfhu73qerny2mphnegemyggzaung53f7zzhkfg5slz5g56n0eazpj8xg4kr08j3nkgss9mex3fzs462m3v', 'addresse_dash': 'xpaql6jrd5jay1ymmuaqhbh9nyahsxahuv', |
The BTC wallet received more than 13000$ in total over 197 transactions, still gets occasional activity:
Transaction history of attacker’s BTC wallet
Vespy Grabber + S1mpl3 0bf v2
| SHA256 | 7083cab761b726f1385c42e830644a24e51b7364111905c97b74ee5847a476d9 |
|---|---|
| File name | processplatform-1.0.3.tar.gz |
| Package name | processplatform |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/processplatform/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-11 |
| Github repo | Vespy Grabber 2.0 (allegedly) |
This is quite a complicated case that illustrates how actors experiment their spreading methods and, allegedly, how PyPI reacts to malicious samples. Actually we were unable to confirm strong malicious behavior in this sample other than a number of suspicious clues, and at the moment of writing this package is still available in the repository.
Based on the Release history, the author uploaded 5 different versions of the same package to PyPI.
PyPI release history
The first version 1.0.0 doesn’t contain any code at all. The next release contains some sort of trampoline code that should execute the non-existing file “get_process.bat”. Both 1.0.2 and 1.0.3 versions contain a Windows executable payload and the last version introduced a payload script obfuscated with something called “S1mpl3 0bf v2”. We didn't find any public references to this tool.
We examined the 1.0.3 version as the most complicated one and as it turned out, it's also shedding some light on the latest release, as described below.
The first stage is a Windows executable "/bin/get_process.exe" that appears to be a PyInstaller bundle. After unpacking it, we have 3 possible entry points representing compiled python scripts (.pyc), two of them contain original directory paths from the machine the files were compiled, providing relevant clues:
-
Exposed username in pyi_rth_inspect.pyc:
C:\Users\vespe\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\Lib\site-packages\PyInstaller\hooks\rthooks\pyi_rth_inspect.py -
Vespy mention in get_process.pyc:
VespyGrabber\get_process.py
The next stage is get_process.pyc. After decompilation, it looks pretty much the same as the obfuscated script from the version 1.0.4. The main idea of this obfuscator is hiding serialized code with Marshal and Pickle. To deobfuscate, we need to dump the serialized code, convert Marshal to pyc and then decompile it once again. Surprisingly, after all these steps we ended up with a script obfuscated in the same way, which means that we need to repeat the deobfuscation process again and again.
"Matryoshka" code obfuscated with "S1mpl3 0bf v2"
Somewhere on the 5th iteration of deobfuscation we finally got something different from Matryoshka code, which appears to be a simple downloader.
Downloader stage
cmdhost.exe represents yet another PyInstaller bundle which basically starts the new cycle of obfuscation iterations, also ending up in a downloader. Unfortunately, the remote file was not available at the time of the analysis:
| hxxps://filebin[.]net/hd5ualwmo4iyeux2/WinRARx64.exe |
All the previous analysis seems to indicate that the final payload is Vespy Grabber, although we cannot confirm.
Obfuscators - HyperBreak, Nuitka and more
Attackers use different tools to minimize detection and complicate malware analysis, like the previously mentioned Hyperion and S1mpl3 0bf v2 obfuscators. A more trivial approach with PyInstaller would be the use of tools like HyperBreak and Nuitka, which doesn’t necessarily imply maliciousness.
| SHA256 | 66de0a72590ac5d8b17ee287cdf73dbe90317db65122d32515a4e96e31933545 |
|---|---|
| File name | xologrekjlqzxj-0.0.0.tar.gz |
| Package name | xologrekjlqzxj |
| PyPI project | hxxps://pypi[.]org/project/xologrekjlqzxj/ |
| Date published | 2023-04-15 |
| Github repo | HyperBreak |
HyperBreak uses a mix of different types of encodings, encryptions algorithms and code serialization across a number of stages.
During analysis’ first stage we face a 96Kb long base64-encoded string. After decoding, it produces a slightly obfuscated script using replacement. This script implements an algorithm to decode base85-encoded Marshal-serialized code.
The third stage looks like this:
The following round of replacements could bring us more understanding of what’s going on here:
Once again, the obfuscator uses different encoding and encryption algorithms for the hardcoded next stage code. The final executed shows the obfuscator signature:
The next stage is hidden behind lots of junk Marshal execution calls. The actual call represents yet another Matryoshka puzzle with looped execution of serialized code chunks. After decompiling all of them we got the stage with a combination of base64, base32 and base16 encoded final payload. Reversing these algorithms provides the last stage, which is nothing more than dummy code with HyperBreak:
Note that this HyperBreak obfuscated module was shortly after removed from PyPI.
Yet another tool used by attackers to hide their code is Nuitka. This is a legitimate compiler which translates Python code to C and then uses a 3rd party C compiler (gcc, clang, MinGW, MSVC) to make a binary file. Reversing the Python code obfuscated with Nuitka could be a challenging task especially in case of Nuitka Commercial Package that offers "Protection vs. Reverse Engineering". That explains why some AV vendors deployed signatures to detect Nuitka obfuscator - engines:Nuitka.
We didn’t observe confirmed cases of Nuitka-obfuscated malware in the PyPI repository, only a couple of legitimate and dummy packages instead. The following VTI queries help hunting for malware samples obfuscated with Nuitka:
|
content:"nuitka_module_loader" and content:"BlackCap" content:"nuitka_module_loader" and content:"Creal" content:"nuitka_module_loader" and content:"Stealer" |
Conclusions
Although we found different malware samples in the PyPI repository, this post is only the result of a superficial analysis of suspicious content found on this platform. We hope our efforts to include all these samples in VirusTotal as soon as published will help detect and prevent malicious activity before they become part of any supply chain attack. In this direction, we will keep including similar repositories in VirusTotal. This also helps security analysts explore in VirusTotal Intelligence any suspicious package publicly hosted even after being removed.
Additionally, it seems clear that Github-hosted open source malware served for “educational purpose only” could be a significant problem. First of all, it allows malware families to quickly evolve and be forked from each other by different actors which don’t really need to make any effort to have fresh malware samples ready to go in a short period of time, as we saw happen with W4SP Stealer. If that doesn’t change, we expect to see more malware families cannibalizing each other. Second, these public repositories might attract the attention of users who might not be fully aware of being responsible for increasing cyber crime activity.
We also observed how the high popularity among attackers of code obfuscation tools such as Nuitka, Hyperion or HyperBreak is making it much harder to detect the malicious code and to filter out dangerous packages from PyPI repositories. Although we see a positive trend of the AntiVirus detection ratio on malware in PyPI, there’s still work to be done.
And of course kudos to all security companies and private researchers who publicly reported on malware in PyPI, making the environment of all Python developers a bit more safer.
Appendix I - IOCs
itw:files.pythonhosted.org fs:2022-12-29+ p:2+ - generic VTI query to list PyPI packages submitted after 2022-12-29 and detected by at least 2 AVs.
File hashes
1253e5a13d98c80568684ffc8a36438b1b057a6aa72f561bfd83f81b348435dd
3b590627024a825b77940b1c8576687a870e976caa09ccdf311cab3a0729f0c6
bd69699c79d63c141df519d7bd777b2ad106d49f67ddefb43c56f030a30b442f
da4cff87b00e06845f22237ba70dbbeb052ea12a0fee1c9cd156ea90ce9aa170
acd561f75f8d19e5995aec91a160d211a592875ab9105387ace9857eb24c1434
0e3f3ded3987b48c4d9b6e8ea76363f134b69625480f3d15c5ee3098834bce7a
6fc9c88346d1044863e370eade0abd24cb8769a1211fd8ed1d9a618c560c8745
a06720d9b3edf50384c225aba9603cb390f25d9992646d2948cbe3d9cd56f3ec
70fb1a8ac7abd4493bce39739aba26dba7e42ad79ce940ffd4867ceb55e87f8e
7acbe8c3ed298f8475232050c9da93ab157953e8a466274cc66bf244b32b7c4c
6b1104dd9ced710f032fe0a78f9c4c7f4aeeedfd2c570552cd7174d03549c6b1
8723c4503acd232995de47e5197528799f259c91bdbcbbba0d6ec4b9a76fe9ed
07fcbe358edc6d787c969dcabbc47d4e5a909a569bd37ab6c147025403e0f2f3
2e9a490edc54f98e4ba8e719368784446ac692684cb58086f0de3d0417d4ee6d
38a96da37268405db5d3ad3a4a6339c36186e2381f306968d00ba2c70296670f
c67c8255aaafc8a7f3cb88123890d3538d300703f9e671533c23757148237e3c
1637188b0925c21982f2399bb6b5bed48e67c88bf7519346a8dfe12f6af1b1db
7b57fa60656ac72b43172e78201ddf0b3c9d477ff737af9f9b7dd6c699b5d255
4f840c3b1e35563a5b212db66187cf189a4a38e68cbc4a2e7658ebfba5b90b16
8a87c1870da146622733afcde550eee7c2d03ebe554451b52e5b414e69a91200
c2658086bca5bf59982823484cc84a9efe8b57cce1727880da973650dfb69037
13267a18a67b4baf48ab7b430dccf6dd021d64e4fd66ccfb68f4a272aa8016ff
51a595e47a4c21b7d2230ae3584c7cc0d9454504289073205b7c8683ba173ef1
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9ba178054f28d8426c3d54ed424ca0e60d82625be726cee063d548ceb010cd59
Remote payloads, JS injections, etc
hxxp://18.204.35[.]132/inject/89ruK8S9QUt74L69
hxxp://3.86.190[.]205/inject/QrvxFGKvsSJ5E5bx
hxxp://4.201.87[.]248/clip
hxxp://4.201.87[.]248/inject/tCxFLYLT6ViY9ZnP
hxxps://filebin[.]net/4hy09hbr6oyubq1x/cmdhost.exe
hxxps://filebin[.]net/hd5ualwmo4iyeux2/WinRARx64.exe
hxxps://paste.bingner[.]com/paste/7jksd/raw
hxxps://paste.bingner[.]com/paste/az4fb/raw
hxxps://paste.bingner[.]com/paste/h82ox/raw
hxxps://paste.bingner[.]com/paste/n7eue/raw
hxxps://paste[.]fo/raw/dd6cd76eb5a0
hxxps://pst.klgrth[.]io/paste/7bupb/raw
hxxps://pst.klgrth[.]io/paste/bcexv/raw
hxxps://pst.klgrth[.]io/paste/exqte/raw
hxxps://pst.klgrth[.]io/paste/rprsw/raw
hxxps://pst.klgrth[.]io/paste/u97gf/raw
hxxps://pst.klgrth[.]io/paste/vto2a/raw
hxxps://rentry[.]co/6er54/raw
hxxps://www[.]ciqertools[.]xyz/discock/nigger
hxxps://www[.]giganigga[.]me/idk.html
hxxps://www[.]giganigga[.]me/idk2.html
hxxps://raw.githubusercontent[.]com/Rdimo/Discord-Injection/master/injection.js
hxxps://raw.githubusercontent[.]com/Smug246/luna-injection/main/injection.js
Some of the W4SP mapped infrastructure
3.86.190[.]205
4.201.87[.]248
18.204.35[.]132
20.215.40[.]33
20.224.2[.]213
35.222.237[.]25
45.81.39[.]216
54.167.173[.]26
89.38.135[.]115
95.215.8[.]170
Appendix II - Creal Stealer hardcoded blacklists
Username
| 'WDAGUtilityAccount', '3W1GJT', 'QZSBJVWM', '5ISYH9SH', 'Abby', 'hmarc', 'patex', 'RDhJ0CNFevzX', 'kEecfMwgj', 'Frank', '8Nl0ColNQ5bq', 'Lisa', 'John', 'george', 'PxmdUOpVyx', '8VizSM', 'w0fjuOVmCcP5A', 'lmVwjj9b', 'PqONjHVwexsS', '3u2v9m8', 'Julia', 'HEUeRzl', 'fred', 'server', 'BvJChRPnsxn', 'Harry Johnson', 'SqgFOf3G', 'Lucas', 'mike', 'PateX', 'h7dk1xPr', 'Louise', 'User01', 'test', 'RGzcBUyrznReg' |
PC name
| 'BEE7370C-8C0C-4', 'DESKTOP-NAKFFMT', 'WIN-5E07COS9ALR', 'B30F0242-1C6A-4', 'DESKTOP-VRSQLAG', 'Q9IATRKPRH', 'XC64ZB', 'DESKTOP-D019GDM', 'DESKTOP-WI8CLET', 'SERVER1', 'LISA-PC', 'JOHN-PC', 'DESKTOP-B0T93D6', 'DESKTOP-1PYKP29', 'DESKTOP-1Y2433R', 'WILEYPC', 'WORK', '6C4E733F-C2D9-4', 'RALPHS-PC', 'DESKTOP-WG3MYJS', 'DESKTOP-7XC6GEZ', 'DESKTOP-5OV9S0O', 'QarZhrdBpj', 'ORELEEPC', 'ARCHIBALDPC', 'JULIA-PC', 'd1bnJkfVlH', 'NETTYPC', 'DESKTOP-BUGIO', 'DESKTOP-CBGPFEE', 'SERVER-PC', 'TIQIYLA9TW5M', 'DESKTOP-KALVINO', 'COMPNAME_4047', 'DESKTOP-19OLLTD', 'DESKTOP-DE369SE', 'EA8C2E2A-D017-4', 'AIDANPC', 'LUCAS-PC', 'MARCI-PC', 'ACEPC', 'MIKE-PC', 'DESKTOP-IAPKN1P', 'DESKTOP-NTU7VUO', 'LOUISE-PC', 'T00917', 'test42' |
MAC address
| '00:15:5d:00:07:34', '00:e0:4c:b8:7a:58', '00:0c:29:2c:c1:21', '00:25:90:65:39:e4', 'c8:9f:1d:b6:58:e4', '00:25:90:36:65:0c', '00:15:5d:00:00:f3', '2e:b8:24:4d:f7:de', '00:15:5d:13:6d:0c', '00:50:56:a0:dd:00', '00:15:5d:13:66:ca', '56:e8:92:2e:76:0d', 'ac:1f:6b:d0:48:fe', '00:e0:4c:94:1f:20', '00:15:5d:00:05:d5', '00:e0:4c:4b:4a:40', '42:01:0a:8a:00:22', '00:1b:21:13:15:20', '00:15:5d:00:06:43', '00:15:5d:1e:01:c8', '00:50:56:b3:38:68', '60:02:92:3d:f1:69', '00:e0:4c:7b:7b:86', '00:e0:4c:46:cf:01', '42:85:07:f4:83:d0', '56:b0:6f:ca:0a:e7', '12:1b:9e:3c:a6:2c', '00:15:5d:00:1c:9a', '00:15:5d:00:1a:b9', 'b6:ed:9d:27:f4:fa', '00:15:5d:00:01:81', '4e:79:c0:d9:af:c3', '00:15:5d:b6:e0:cc', '00:15:5d:00:02:26', '00:50:56:b3:05:b4', '1c:99:57:1c:ad:e4', '08:00:27:3a:28:73', '00:15:5d:00:00:c3', '00:50:56:a0:45:03', '12:8a:5c:2a:65:d1', '00:25:90:36:f0:3b', '00:1b:21:13:21:26', '42:01:0a:8a:00:22', '00:1b:21:13:32:51', 'a6:24:aa:ae:e6:12', '08:00:27:45:13:10', '00:1b:21:13:26:44', '3c:ec:ef:43:fe:de', 'd4:81:d7:ed:25:54', '00:25:90:36:65:38', '00:03:47:63:8b:de', '00:15:5d:00:05:8d', '00:0c:29:52:52:50', '00:50:56:b3:42:33', '3c:ec:ef:44:01:0c', '06:75:91:59:3e:02', '42:01:0a:8a:00:33', 'ea:f6:f1:a2:33:76', 'ac:1f:6b:d0:4d:98', '1e:6c:34:93:68:64', '00:50:56:a0:61:aa', '42:01:0a:96:00:22', '00:50:56:b3:21:29', '00:15:5d:00:00:b3', '96:2b:e9:43:96:76', 'b4:a9:5a:b1:c6:fd', 'd4:81:d7:87:05:ab', 'ac:1f:6b:d0:49:86', '52:54:00:8b:a6:08', '00:0c:29:05:d8:6e', '00:23:cd:ff:94:f0', '00:e0:4c:d6:86:77', '3c:ec:ef:44:01:aa', '00:15:5d:23:4c:a3', '00:1b:21:13:33:55', '00:15:5d:00:00:a4', '16:ef:22:04:af:76', '00:15:5d:23:4c:ad', '1a:6c:62:60:3b:f4', '00:15:5d:00:00:1d', '00:50:56:a0:cd:a8', '00:50:56:b3:fa:23', '52:54:00:a0:41:92', '00:50:56:b3:f6:57', '00:e0:4c:56:42:97', 'ca:4d:4b:ca:18:cc', 'f6:a5:41:31:b2:78', 'd6:03:e4:ab:77:8e', '00:50:56:ae:b2:b0', '00:50:56:b3:94:cb', '42:01:0a:8e:00:22', '00:50:56:b3:4c:bf', '00:50:56:b3:09:9e', '00:50:56:b3:38:88', '00:50:56:a0:d0:fa', '00:50:56:b3:91:c8', '3e:c1:fd:f1:bf:71', '00:50:56:a0:6d:86', '00:50:56:a0:af:75', '00:50:56:b3:dd:03', 'c2:ee:af:fd:29:21', '00:50:56:b3:ee:e1', '00:50:56:a0:84:88', '00:1b:21:13:32:20', '3c:ec:ef:44:00:d0', '00:50:56:ae:e5:d5', '00:50:56:97:f6:c8', '52:54:00:ab:de:59', '00:50:56:b3:9e:9e', '00:50:56:a0:39:18', '32:11:4d:d0:4a:9e', '00:50:56:b3:d0:a7', '94:de:80:de:1a:35', '00:50:56:ae:5d:ea', '00:50:56:b3:14:59', 'ea:02:75:3c:90:9f', '00:e0:4c:44:76:54', 'ac:1f:6b:d0:4d:e4', '52:54:00:3b:78:24', '00:50:56:b3:50:de', '7e:05:a3:62:9c:4d', '52:54:00:b3:e4:71', '90:48:9a:9d:d5:24', '00:50:56:b3:3b:a6', '92:4c:a8:23:fc:2e', '5a:e2:a6:a4:44:db', '00:50:56:ae:6f:54', '42:01:0a:96:00:33', '00:50:56:97:a1:f8', '5e:86:e4:3d:0d:f6', '00:50:56:b3:ea:ee', '3e:53:81:b7:01:13', '00:50:56:97:ec:f2', '00:e0:4c:b3:5a:2a', '12:f8:87:ab:13:ec', '00:50:56:a0:38:06', '2e:62:e8:47:14:49', '00:0d:3a:d2:4f:1f', '60:02:92:66:10:79', '00:50:56:a0:d7:38', 'be:00:e5:c5:0c:e5', '00:50:56:a0:59:10', '00:50:56:a0:06:8d', '00:e0:4c:cb:62:08', '4e:81:81:8e:22:4e', '' |
Appendix III - BlackCap Grabber hardcoded blacklists
Username
| "WDAGUtilityAccount", "BvJChRPnsxn", "Harry Johnson", "SqgFOf3G", "RGzcBUyrznReg", "h7dk1xPr","Robert", "Abby", "Peter Wilson", "hmarc", "patex", "JOHN-PC", "RDhJ0CNFevzX", "kEecfMwgj", "Frank", "8Nl0ColNQ5bq", "Lisa", "John", "george", "PxmdUOpVyx", "8VizSM", "w0fjuOVmCcP5A", "lmVwjj9b", "PqONjHVwexsS", "3u2v9m8", "Julia", "HEUeRzl" |
PC name
| "DESKTOP-CDLNVOQ", "BEE7370C-8C0C-4", "DESKTOP-NAKFFMT", "WIN-5E07COS9ALR", "B30F0242-1C6A-4", "DESKTOP-VRSQLAG", "Q9IATRKPRH", "XC64ZB", "DESKTOP-D019GDM", "DESKTOP-WI8CLET", "SERVER1", "LISA-PC", "JOHN-PC", "DESKTOP-B0T93D6", "DESKTOP-1PYKP29", "DESKTOP-1Y2433R", "WILEYPC", "WORK", "6C4E733F-C2D9-4", "RALPHS-PC", "DESKTOP-WG3MYJS", "DESKTOP-7XC6GEZ", "DESKTOP-5OV9S0O", "QarZhrdBpj", "ORELEEPC", "ARCHIBALDPC", "JULIA-PC", "d1bnJkfVlH", "DESKTOP-B0T93D6" |
System UUID
|
"7AB5C494-39F5-4941-9163-47F54D6D5016", "032E02B4-0499-05C3-0806-3C0700080009", "03DE0294-0480-05DE-1A06-350700080009", "11111111-2222-3333-4444-555555555555", "6F3CA5EC-BEC9-4A4D-8274-11168F640058", "ADEEEE9E-EF0A-6B84-B14B-B83A54AFC548", "4C4C4544-0050-3710-8058-CAC04F59344A", "00000000-0000-0000-0000-AC1F6BD04972", "79AF5279-16CF-4094-9758-F88A616D81B4", "5BD24D56-789F-8468-7CDC-CAA7222CC121", "49434D53-0200-9065-2500-65902500E439", "49434D53-0200-9036-2500-36902500F022", "777D84B3-88D1-451C-93E4-D235177420A7", "49434D53-0200-9036-2500-369025000C65", "B1112042-52E8-E25B-3655-6A4F54155DBF", "00000000-0000-0000-0000-AC1F6BD048FE", "EB16924B-FB6D-4FA1-8666-17B91F62FB37", "A15A930C-8251-9645-AF63-E45AD728C20C", "67E595EB-54AC-4FF0-B5E3-3DA7C7B547E3", "C7D23342-A5D4-68A1-59AC-CF40F735B363", "63203342-0EB0-AA1A-4DF5-3FB37DBB0670", "44B94D56-65AB-DC02-86A0-98143A7423BF", "6608003F-ECE4-494E-B07E-1C4615D1D93C", "D9142042-8F51-5EFF-D5F8-EE9AE3D1602A", "49434D53-0200-9036-2500-369025003AF0", "8B4E8278-525C-7343-B825-280AEBCD3BCB", "4D4DDC94-E06C-44F4-95FE-33A1ADA5AC27", "BB64E044-87BA-C847-BC0A-C797D1A16A50", "2E6FB594-9D55-4424-8E74-CE25A25E36B0", "42A82042-3F13-512F-5E3D-6BF4FFFD8518" |
IP address
| '88.132.231.71', '78.139.8.50', '20.99.160.173', '88.153.199.169', '84.147.62.12', '194.154.78.160', '92.211.109.160', '195.74.76.222', '188.105.91.116', '34.105.183.68', '92.211.55.199', '79.104.209.33', '95.25.204.90', '34.145.89.174', '109.74.154.90', '109.145.173.169', '34.141.146.114', '212.119.227.151', '195.239.51.59', '192.40.57.234', '64.124.12.162', '34.142.74.220', '188.105.91.173', '109.74.154.91', '34.105.72.241', '109.74.154.92', '213.33.142.50', '109.74.154.91', '93.216.75.209', '192.87.28.103', '88.132.226.203', '195.181.175.105', '88.132.225.100', '92.211.192.144', '34.83.46.130', '188.105.91.143', '34.85.243.241', '34.141.245.25', '178.239.165.70', '84.147.54.113', '193.128.114.45', '95.25.81.24', '92.211.52.62', '88.132.227.238', '35.199.6.13', '80.211.0.97', '34.85.253.170', '23.128.248.46', '35.229.69.227', '34.138.96.23', '192.211.110.74', '35.237.47.12', '87.166.50.213', '34.253.248.228', '212.119.227.167', '193.225.193.201', '34.145.195.58', '34.105.0.27', '195.239.51.3', '35.192.93.107' |
Appendix IV - BlackCap Grabber’s regular expressions to catch crypto wallets
BTC
| '^[13][a-km-zA-HJ-NP-Z1-9]{25,34}$' |
ETH
| '^0x[a-fA-F0-9]{40}$' |
Xchain
| '^([X]|[a-km-zA-HJ-NP-Z1-9]{36,72})-[a-zA-Z]{1,83}1[qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7l]{38}$' |
Pchain
| '^([P]|[a-km-zA-HJ-NP-Z1-9]{36,72})-[a-zA-Z]{1,83}1[qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7l]{38}$' |
Cchain
| '^([C]|[a-km-zA-HJ-NP-Z1-9]{36,72})-[a-zA-Z]{1,83}1[qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7l]{38}$' |
Monero
| '/4[0-9AB][1-9A-HJ-NP-Za-km-z]{93}$/g' |
Ada (Cardano)
| 'addr1[a-z0-9]+' |
Dash
| '/X[1-9A-HJ-NP-Za-km-z]{33}$/g' |
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